Whole Life Insurance Basics

If you're shopping around for life insurance, you start with two big questions: How much insurance do I need? And what type of policy should I buy?

When you've calculated your short- and long-term obligations, it's time to decide what type of policy is right for you: term life or whole life insurance.

Term life insurance provides coverage for a specified period of time, such as 10, 15 or 20 years; premiums go up over time unless you buy a "level term" policy, which guarantees that premiums stay the same. It's possible that you could outlive the term of your policy, in which case your policy expires and you'd have to shop for another policy if you wish to still have coverage.

With a whole life policy (also called permanent insurance), you don't have to worry about possibly outliving your policy term because your contract gives you coverage for your entire life, as long as the premiums are paid. With a whole life policy, unlike term life, you also build up "cash value" in the policy that you can tap in the future.

Premiums are significantly higher for permanent insurance than term life due to charges and fees (see sidebar) that you don't pay with term life.

Cash value is a crucial selling point for whole life: It's an account within your policy that builds up over time, tax-deferred, fueled by a portion of your premiums and interest paid by the insurance company. In fact, the whole life contract is designed for you to take advantage of that money in the future. When you die, your beneficiaries receive the death benefit, not the cash value, with the exception of some universal life policies.

Whole life insurance policies [http://www.insure.com/quotesmith/controller?REF=99998&reqid=qstermindex&redirx=x] build up cash value slowly at first but then pick up the pace after several years, when your earnings start to grow faster than your "mortality" cost (the cost of insuring you). If you would like whole life insurance explained in more detail, your life insurance agent should be able to show you a few types of policy illustrations.

Whole life could be an attractive option for any of these reasons:

• Others are relying on you for long-term financial support.
• You're worried about outliving a term life policy and being unable to buy further insurance due to age or deteriorating health.
• You want to build up cash value in addition to protecting your beneficiaries.
• You want to create an estate for your beneficiaries after your death.
• Your beneficiaries need the benefit to pay estate taxes on other assets.

"Whole life insurance is suited for anybody who loves somebody," says Scott Berlin, senior vice president in charge of the Individual Life Department at New York Life Insurance Co. "Whole life does two things for you: protects your family and allows you to save for the future."

Berlin says whole life's advantages are that you don't have to worry about outliving your policy (as is possible with term life) and there is the "forced savings" component of the cash value account, which grows tax-deferred. Once your cash value is built up, you can access it for anything - retirement, your child's college tuition or the vacation you've always wanted. Whole life policies are also eligible to earn dividends (depending on the company and not guaranteed) which can be used in a variety of ways, such as providing paid-up additional life insurance, which increases both the life insurance benefit and policy cash value.

"Buying term is like renting your insurance," says Berlin. "You don't build up any residual value. Whole life is like owning a home - you build up equity."

Berlin cautions against buying term life insurance just because of the premium difference.

"When you're 35 you think that 20 years is a long time, but life doesn't always work out like you think," he says. "People who buy permanent insurance understand the value of what they're providing to their family."

If you decide that a whole life policy is right for you but feel you're currently unable to afford the premiums for the face value you desire, Berlin recommends buying as much whole life as you can afford and filling in the rest of your face amount with term life. Later, you can convert your term life policy to whole life.

For the wealthy with large estates, putting a whole life policy into a trust is a way to pay estate taxes when they die.

A smorgasbord of choices

If the features of whole life insurance [http://www.insure.com/quotesmith/controller?REF=99998&reqid=qstermindex&redirx=x] fit the bill for you, there are multiple varieties depending on your needs and your tolerance for financial risk.

• Ordinary whole life insurance: Premiums are level as long as you live and your policy builds cash value. The initial annual cost will be much higher than the same amount of term life insurance, but as you get older that gap closes.
• Limited payment whole life insurance: This policy lets you pay premiums for only a specific period, such as 20 years or until age 65, but insures you for your whole life. Thus, premium payments will be higher than if payments were spread out through your lifetime.
• Single premium whole life insurance: This policy is paid up after one substantial initial payment.
• Universal life (UL) insurance: This policy lets you vary your premium payments and adjust your death benefit as beneficiaries' needs change. You have to be aware of how much is in your account and whether you need to make payments in order to keep the policy in force. There are also UL policies that can provide level premiums, as well as UL policies with a planned premium option and guaranteed death benefit for life. These policies may offer lower premiums in exchange for a slow accumulation of cash value, if any.
• Variable universal life (VUL) insurance: Here your cash value and death benefit are tied to a particular investment account. Your cash value and death benefit increase if the underlying investments do well, or they may shrink considerably under poor investment performance. Read the prospectus for VUL carefully and never buy a policy that you don't understand. There may be an extra premium required to guarantee a death benefit amount.
• Survivorship life insurance, also called second-to-die life insurance: This type of whole life policy insures two lives as once (typically a husband and wife) and pays out upon the death of the second individual. This is good for people who need to provide for beneficiaries only after both have passed away. It is also less expensive than insuring two lives under separate policies.
• Participating or non-participating whole life insurance: Any type of whole life policy listed above could be "participating" or "non-participating." You have a participating policy if your life insurance company pays dividends to policyholders when it has a good financial year. Dividends are not guaranteed and they will vary year to year when they are paid, but if you have a participating policy you can take your dividends as cash, use them to pay your premiums or use them to purchase additional insurance to increase your policy's face value. Dividends are not taxable as long as they don't exceed the premiums you've paid in.

The life insurance illustration

If you're considering a policy in which premiums and death benefits fluctuate depending on investments or interest rates, you should receive a life insurance illustration from your agent. This is a picture of what could happen with your policy. Or again, maybe not.

The illustration should show you what the insurance company will guarantee (such as any guaranteed interest rates or death benefits) and what will be left open to market conditions. You'll be asked to sign a form stating you understand that some parts of the illustration are not guaranteed.

Being paid up

One happy stage of whole life insurance is when the policy's dividend values and anticipated future dividends are sufficient to cover your future premiums and you no longer need to make premium payments out of pocket. This is called a Premium Offset Proposal, or "POP" arrangement. "POP" means that your cash value is now large enough that it can be used by the insurer to pay your premiums for the rest of your life. You can still withdraw your cash value, but you'll have to resume premium payments to keep the policy in force or settle for a reduced benefit that the remaining cash value can support.

You could also choose a "limited pay" policy, for which your premiums are calculated for a set number of years or a certain age, like 65.

New York Life has introduced "New York Life Custom Whole Life", a life insurance policy that lets you choose your own guaranteed paid-up date. (You must pay premiums for at least five years and cannot pay premiums past age 75 for this policy.) So, say you want to retire in 12 years and you want your policy to be guaranteed paid-up at that time. New York Life will calculate the premium necessary to have your policy fully paid-up in 12 years so that you won't have to worry about paying life insurance premiums during your retirement. If your need for the full life insurance benefit is reduced during your retirement, you can also begin withdrawing or borrowing from your cash value to supplement your retirement income.

Planning for all situations

Life insurance companies offer a number of riders that can be tacked on to whole life policies. (All riders may not be offered by all companies, and many insurers offer other specialized riders not listed here, so check with your agent.)

• Accidental death benefit rider: Pays an additional benefit if you die in an accident.
• Disability income rider: Provides regular income from the insurance company if you become totally and permanently disabled.
• Level terms rider: Adds a fixed amount of term insurance to the whole life policy for a specified period.
• Living benefits rider, also known as accelerated death benefit: Pays an portion of your death benefit during your lifetime if you are diagnosed with a terminal illness and have a specificed life expectancy (such as 12 months). You can add this rider after buying the policy.
• Long term care (LTC) rider: Pays for LTC expenses if you meet certain criteria.
• Policy purchase option: Gives you the contractual right to purchase additional insurance without evidence of insurability. For example, you may need additional life insurance after the birth of a child.
• Waiver of premium rider: Waives premiums if you become disabled or unemployed. (Terms vary by insurer.)

Watch out for:

• The hard sell: An unscrupulous insurance agent may push whole life insurance when term insurance is sufficient for your needs; the whole life insurance sale could provide him a larger commission.
• Churning: If your agent suggests your current policy needs to be replaced, be wary. "Churning" is when an agent convinces you to surrender an old policy and buy a new one because he makes a new commission off you.
• You thought you were paid up: You may have signed papers allowing your cash value to be used to buy another policy.
• Term vs. perm: A comparison service

You've probably heard the advice "buy term and invest the difference." And to make that work you must have the financial discipline to actually invest that difference every year. And if you did, how much would you come out ahead, or would you?

The Consumer Federation of America (CFA) offers a Rate of Return (ROR) service that provides you with a report comparing the estimated "real" investment returns on a cash value policy versus a term policy with the premium difference invested in a savings vehicle. The service is manned by James Hunt of the CFA, a life insurance actuary and a former insurance commissioner of Vermont.

An analysis can be run for policies you're considering or already own. The cost is $70 for the first illustration and $50 for each additional illustration submitted at the same time. The cost for variable life policies you've already bought (unless within the free look period) and for survivorship life (also called second-to-die) is $80/$50.

Maximizing your cash value policy

Hunt, who has analyzed life insurance policies for almost 25 years, says that because of the high fees associated with whole life, you want to look for ways to maximize your premium dollar within the policy. He suggests these strategies:

• Decline all riders (except term riders on your own life and waiver of premium disability riders) because they'll eat into your cash value potential.
• When you look at the illustration, make sure your first year's cash surrender value is a significant portion of your first year's premium outlay. (A good number would be 50 percent or higher.)
• Consider buying direct rather than through a fully commissioned agent. Examples of direct sellers are Ameritus and TIAA. Returns on these "low-load" policies are generally higher than returns on comparable policies purchased through agents.

If you are looking at cash value life insurance to possibly supplement retirement income, Hunt advises that you may be better off by buying term life and maximizing other tax-advantaged retirement plans first, such as your 401(k), 403(b), IRA or Roth IRA.

Wanting out

Perhaps you committed to a whole life policy many years ago and no longer want or need it. If you simply stop paying the premiums, this will "lapse" your policy and you'll have to chalk it up to an expensive mistake. If you have held the policy long enough to build up cash value, your insurance company will start using the cash value to cover premiums until the cash value runs out.

Instead of lapsing your policy, inform your insurance company that you want to surrender the policy. You'll then receive the current cash surrender value, minus any loans against cash value you took out and unpaid premiums. You may also be hit with a surrender charge for getting out of a UL or VUL policy. Surrender charges can amount to 100 percent (or more) of the first year's premium and usually start to grade off over 10 to 15 years, according to Hunt. With some policies it may take 20 years before surrender charges disappear.

Or, if you have enough cash value, you can ask the insurer to consider the policy "paid up" at a lower death benefit.

Lapse and surrender rates for life insurance show that indeed there are many folks who end up with buyers' regret. Statistics from LIMRA International, a financial services industry research group, show that by policy year five, 69 percent of whole life policies are still in force; that drops to 50 percent in year 13 and 39.6 percent in year 20.

No matter your reasons for considering whole life insurance, rule No. 1 is to never buy a policy you don't understand.